1The system of apprenticeship maintained by commercial art studios of various kinds, especially as contrasted with formal education at an art college (now historical).

2Film the centralized organization of film production, marketing, and distribution maintained by Hollywood studios in the first half of the 20th century, which resulted in a limited number of large commercial companies dominating the film-making business and controlling its writers, stars, etc.; (hence) the motion picture industry itself in this period.